電磁式(shi)(shi)加熱(re)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)與(yu)電阻絲(si)加熱(re)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)對比：

1、節能效果(guo)好：相比原電阻絲加(jia)熱圈(quan)節電效果(guo)都(dou)在30%以上，相對不(bu)同的(de)原料、生產(chan)不(bu)同的(de)產(chan)品(pin)，節電效果(guo)有所(suo)變化。但在已(yi)使用的(de)產(chan)品(pin)中節電效率大(da)可達75%。

2、環保效果好：可顯著(zhu)降低環境(jing)溫度。

3、使用壽命(ming)長：加(jia)熱(re)(re)圈(quan)連續運行溫度(du)只有100℃左(zuo)右，不存在(zai)加(jia)熱(re)(re)圈(quan)更換問(wen)題(ti)。相對于電阻(zu)絲加(jia)熱(re)(re)減少了二次投入。

4、可(ke)提(ti)高產(chan)(chan)(chan)品產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)：由(you)于該產(chan)(chan)(chan)品的發熱效率高，能(neng)顯著減(jian)少升溫(wen)時間，提(ti)高產(chan)(chan)(chan)品產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)。

5、性能安全可靠：品質優良、高度自動(dong)化、無(wu)須人工調節。

電磁加(jia)熱控制器的兩種啟動方(fang)式(shi)：般電磁加(jia)熱器可以有兩種啟動方(fang)式(shi)，

種是(shi)軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)，另(ling)種是(shi)硬啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)是(shi)用(yong)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)端(duan)接(jie)入(ru)+號(hao)(hao)(hao)，另(ling)端(duan)接(jie)入(ru)號(hao)(hao)(hao)，當接(jie)通后功(gong)率則(ze)輸出(chu)(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)就正(zheng)常工作(zuo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。當斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)后則(ze)功(gong)率就不輸出(chu)(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)就停(ting)止加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。這種叫(jiao)做(zuo)軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)，使(shi)用(yong)軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)優勢(shi)是(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)方(fang)(fang)便，可(ke)以自由接(jie)入(ru)或(huo)斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)來控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)工作(zuo)或(huo)停(ting)止。軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)另(ling)外(wai)頭接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)溫控(kong)(kong)(kong)器(qi)(qi)或(huo)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，使(shi)用(yong)溫控(kong)(kong)(kong)器(qi)(qi)可(ke)以利于控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)溫度，和(he)調節(jie)溫度的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)。當個(ge)溫區(qu)只(zhi)有組電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)，軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)只(zhi)要要信號(hao)(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)接(jie)通+號(hao)(hao)(hao)和(he)號(hao)(hao)(hao)就可(ke)以了，當個(ge)溫區(qu)有兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)，就要把這兩(liang)個(ge)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)主板的(de)(de)(de)+號(hao)(hao)(hao)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)并聯(lian)，軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)并聯(lian)，當控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)+接(jie)通的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)功(gong)率就輸出(chu)(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)就會正(zheng)常加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)工作(zuo)，當斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)十接(jie)通，電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)就停(ting)止加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。

另種啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)方式就是(shi)硬啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)方式，就是(shi)將+號信線固定。但這(zhe)種方式不能靈活控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電磁(ci)(ci)加熱器(qi)。相對(dui)比于硬啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)方式來說，軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)方式更具有優勢(shi)，軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)電磁(ci)(ci)加熱器(qi)因使用方便(bian)，利(li)于控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，所以大多數都是(shi)使用軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)來控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電磁(ci)(ci)加熱器(qi)的。

電(dian)磁(ci)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)繞(rao)(rao)法：電(dian)磁(ci)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)根(gen)據加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)形狀(zhuang)、大小(xiao)而異，纏繞(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長(chang)度(du)(du)及(ji)電(dian)感(gan)量(liang)會(hui)有(you)點差別。電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)器每(mei)個功率用(yong)(yong)(yong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)徑(jing)(jing)大小(xiao)般都是固(gu)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長(chang)也是基本固(gu)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)（加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)體過大線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長(chang)會(hui)加(jia)(jia)(jia)長(chang)比如(ru)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)100MM和直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)1000MM用(yong)(yong)(yong)同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長(chang)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)體繞(rao)(rao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)數(shu)多(duo)，繞(rao)(rao)在直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)體上圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)數(shu)就(jiu)是會(hui)少圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)數(shu)少電(dian)感(gan)量(liang)就(jiu)會(hui)小(xiao)，這個時候(hou)就(jiu)應該(gai)適當增加(jia)(jia)(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長(chang)度(du)(du)，具體增加(jia)(jia)(jia)多(duo)少在沒有(you)經(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)要測(ce)實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)感(gan)量(liang)確(que)定(ding)(ding)），纏繞(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)每(mei)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)隔距離根(gen)據加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)溫區大小(xiao)長(chang)度(du)(du)及(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長(chang)而定(ding)(ding)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)緊密(mi)(mi)繞(rao)(rao)，也可以(yi)(yi)(yi)緊密(mi)(mi)繞(rao)(rao)幾圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)間(jian)(jian)隔幾公(gong)分再緊密(mi)(mi)繞(rao)(rao)幾圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，也可以(yi)(yi)(yi)每(mei)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)與(yu)每(mei)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)都間(jian)(jian)隔點距離繞(rao)(rao)。如(ru)果加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)體尺寸有(you)點小(xiao)還可以(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)繞(rao)(rao)成雙層或三層。

電磁加熱器的(de)全橋和半橋的(de)應用(yong)表現的(de)同異：

、據各(ge)自的電路原理的差別(bie)決定：相(xiang)同：均可達到使得相(xiang)應料筒自身快速發(fa)熱產生高溫，用(yong)于加(jia)工塑料的功用(yong)。

二、功率段(duan)表現(xian)上不同(tong)：

1、全橋：對(dui)應檔位(wei)功率分(fen)配清晰、明確，反(fan)應迅速。

2、半橋：對應檔位功率(lv)分配(pei)較模糊，反(fan)應相(xiang)對合(he)理。

三、發熱面表現上：

1、全橋(qiao)：因可負載負荷(he)較高，發熱(re)面較大、較均勻(yun)、層次感能做到循序(xu)遞減，火焰仿真(zhen)效果(guo)明顯。

2、半橋：因可負載負荷較低(di)，發熱面較小、均勻(yun)性稍遜、層次(ci)感分明，火焰(yan)仿真效果稍遜。

挑選(xuan)好(hao)的電(dian)磁加熱器有什技巧？

1、性能(neng)：隨著科學(xue)技術的(de)進步，電磁(ci)加熱器(qi)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)集成程度(du)非常(chang)高，些產品甚至集中了(le)各(ge)行各(ge)業工廠加熱設備等等諸(zhu)多(duo)功(gong)能(neng)，那(nei)么，是不(bu)(bu)是功(gong)能(neng)越多(duo)就越好呢？這(zhe)不(bu)(bu)定(ding)，因為很多(duo)功(gong)能(neng)或許(xu)客戶在(zai)以后的(de)日子中根(gen)本用(yong)不(bu)(bu)上。般工廠在(zai)考慮和挑選電磁(ci)加熱器(qi)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)的(de)時(shi)候，定(ding)要根(gen)據(ju)自己(ji)的(de)實際需(xu)要購買(mai)，注(zhu)重自己(ji)需(xu)要多(duo)大功(gong)率的(de)電磁(ci)加熱控(kong)制器(qi)來選擇控(kong)制器(qi)。

2、節(jie)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)環保：眼下階梯(ti)電(dian)(dian)價即(ji)將(jiang)實施，選擇(ze)款節(jie)能(neng)(neng)的產品也十分必要，畢(bi)竟(jing)電(dian)(dian)用的越多，單價也將(jiang)升高(gao)(gao)，而(er)且，本身電(dian)(dian)磁加(jia)熱器也是高(gao)(gao)功率電(dian)(dian)器，因此選購的時候更應(ying)該(gai)注(zhu)意(yi)其能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)。當前，市場(chang)上銷(xiao)售的電(dian)(dian)磁加(jia)熱控制器，很多新(xin)型產品都(dou)使用了節(jie)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)環保的技術與(yu)設(she)計(ji)，這對(dui)于消費者來說是有利的。

電磁加熱(re)器日(ri)常護理：

1、產品(pin)是(shi)否正(zheng)確安(an)裝 。每款電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)加(jia)熱器(qi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)加(jia)熱圈所要求的(de)(de)保溫棉的(de)(de)厚道，繞線的(de)(de)粗細長(chang)度，電(dian)(dian)感值(zhi)，輸入電(dian)(dian)流值(zhi)都是(shi)不同的(de)(de)，定(ding)要按照廠家出廠時安(an)裝說明(ming)書為標準。以(yi)及(ji)每臺(tai)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)加(jia)熱控制板(ban)之間的(de)(de)線圈組(zu)間隔間距(ju)在(zai)(zai)10cm以(yi)上也(ye)是(shi)非常重要的(de)(de)，因(yin)為靠的(de)(de)太近會相(xiang)互影響。只有電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)加(jia)熱器(qi)安(an)裝在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)常參數范圍內才能保證的(de)(de)長(chang)期穩定(ding)工(gong)作。

2、車間的(de)環境(jing)包括粉(fen)(fen)塵(chen)，灰(hui)(hui)塵(chen)，潮濕度有關。般來講粉(fen)(fen)塵(chen)灰(hui)(hui)塵(chen)越(yue)大(da)，對電磁(ci)加(jia)熱(re)(re)控制主(zhu)板越(yue)不(bu)利。如果是粉(fen)(fen)塵(chen)灰(hui)(hui)塵(chen)比較大(da)的(de)情況(kuang)下，需要定期清理電磁(ci)加(jia)熱(re)(re)器上的(de)風(feng)扇，風(feng)冷電磁(ci)加(jia)熱(re)(re)器主(zhu)要是散(san)熱(re)(re)，室內(nei)通風(feng)要好，避免風(feng)扇被卡住而(er)起不(bu)到(dao)主(zhu)板散(san)熱(re)(re)效果從而(er)使得元器件過熱(re)(re)而(er)燒壞。

3、產品(pin)的質(zhi)量也(ye)(ye)有很(hen)大關(guan)系。如(ru)果是已(yi)經(jing)按說明書(shu)上的參數來安裝，車(che)間粉塵灰塵也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)大的情況下電磁加熱器還是經(jing)常出故障，那么(me)這就是質(zhi)量方面的問題(ti)了(le)。不(bu)(bu)排除有的廠家(jia)為(wei)了(le)降(jiang)低成本而(er)采用便宜的元(yuan)器件(jian)(jian)來做(zuo)導(dao)致產品(pin)質(zhi)量不(bu)(bu)穩定而(er)經(jing)常出現故障，另外個原因(yin)就是雖然用的元(yuan)器件(jian)(jian)是好的，但本身電路板設計不(bu)(bu)合(he)理也(ye)(ye)會導(dao)致易出現故障。如(ru)果是質(zhi)量問題(ti)導(dao)致的，建議可以換家(jia)了(le)。

4、對(dui)產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)愛護程度。對(dui)于車間灰塵(chen)粉塵(chen)比較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶，應(ying)該(gai)定期用(yong)毛刷刷下(xia)(xia)電(dian)磁加(jia)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)扇(shan)，與電(dian)磁加(jia)熱(re)(re)線圈上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)粉塵(chen)，對(dui)于線圈不用(yong)有重物壓住，或(huo)割(ge)破，不要經常有水(shui)濺到(dao)線圈上(shang)或(huo)電(dian)磁感應(ying)加(jia)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)。更不要將(jiang)電(dian)磁加(jia)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)暴露(lu)在露(lu)天(tian)環(huan)境下(xia)(xia)，因為露(lu)天(tian)環(huan)境如果遇到(dao)下(xia)(xia)雨天(tian)肯定就要淋濕(shi)，在未(wei)干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)開機就會(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)壞掉。或(huo)者露(lu)天(tian)環(huan)境早晨雨露(lu)較(jiao)多，導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)板潮濕(shi)，未(wei)干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)開機也會(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)里面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。

電(dian)磁加熱器用薄膜電(dian)容的要(yao)求(qiu)和(he)注意事項：

1、耐壓(ya)(ya)選擇不當(dang)：例(li)如,交流輸入端,380V的(de)線電(dian)壓(ya)(ya),EMI電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)用的(de)電(dian)容器(qi),三(san)角形接法,部分工(gong)程師選擇MKP-X2 275V.AC (這會導致電(dian)容擊(ji)穿)。例(li)如,LC諧(xie)振回路(lu)(lu)(lu),很(hen)多工(gong)程師以為半(ban)橋諧(xie)振電(dian)容,耐壓(ya)(ya)只是直流母(mu)線537V的(de)半(ban)即可(實際(ji)上這是嚴重錯(cuo)誤的(de))。國(guo)內的(de)機(ji)芯,有使用的(de)薄膜電(dian)容器(qi)耐壓(ya)(ya)等1200V 1600V 2000V 2500V 3000V 4000V 需要根據自己的(de)實際(ji)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)來(lai)選擇。正確的(de)方式是用示波器(qi)加(jia)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)探頭,實際(ji)測量(liang)下機(ji)芯在大功率(lv)的(de)時候,諧(xie)振電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)波形。

2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)選擇(ze)不當：很(hen)多企業的(de)(de)工(gong)程師,研(yan)發(fa)人員(yuan),對于直流(liu)母線支(zhi)撐電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi),LC諧(xie)(xie)振(zhen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方面根(gen)本就(jiu)沒經過(guo)具體計算和實(shi)際測量(liang),造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)工(gong)作溫(wen)度非常高,大大縮短(duan)薄膜電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命,嚴重的(de)(de)出現短(duan)時間就(jiu)炸掉(diao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)了。正確的(de)(de)方式,就(jiu)是用電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感器(qi)(qi)(qi)測量(liang)下諧(xie)(xie)振(zhen)回路的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值,還有通過(guo)機子在老化的(de)(de)時候測測電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)溫(wen)升是否正常。

3、接線方(fang)式不當(dang)：在設(she)計電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)加熱機芯的(de)(de)時候(hou),很多(duo)情況下需要多(duo)個薄膜電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)并聯(lian)使(shi)用.并聯(lian)的(de)(de)好處就是(shi)可以增(zeng)加過流能力,降低溫(wen)升(sheng).但是(shi)并聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)路,大的(de)(de)問題是(shi)過流不均.由(you)于接線方(fang)式的(de)(de)不當(dang),往往造成并聯(lian)的(de)(de)幾只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi),某個位置的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)溫(wen)度(du)高(gao),容易先壞(huai)掉。

電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)線(xian)材(cai)加(jia)熱(re)過(guo)程(cheng)中電(dian)(dian)能(neng)浪費的(de)原因：傳統(tong)采暖行業普遍采用電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)導線(xian)和石(shi)英(ying)加(jia)熱(re)方(fang)式，這(zhe)種傳統(tong)加(jia)熱(re)方(fang)式熱(re)效率低(di)。電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)絲和石(shi)英(ying)主要通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)，然后(hou)熱(re)量轉移到(dao)料(liao)桶(tong)上(shang)。作為種加(jia)熱(re)材(cai)料(liao)，這(zhe)種加(jia)熱(re)效果(guo)的(de)大熱(re)利用率僅為50%左(zuo)右，其余50%左(zuo)右的(de)熱(re)量被(bei)排放到(dao)空氣(qi)中。傳統(tong)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)線(xian)材(cai)加(jia)熱(re)方(fang)式的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)損耗高達50%。